![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/104-300x300.png\")
<\/p>\n
I. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 & \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644<\/a><\/h2>\n <\/p>\n
1.1 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d<\/h3>\n
\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629 - \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 Brake-by-Wire \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
1-2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 LSVs<\/strong> \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642. \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a) \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 (ABS)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 LSV<\/strong>\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 BBW \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
1-3 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/h3>\n
\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a BBW \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 LSV<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
2.1 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (EHB)<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 EHB \u0647\u064a \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 EHB \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 EHB \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 BBW \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b LSV \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 EHB \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 ECU \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a PID \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 EHB \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
2.2 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (EMB)<\/h3>\n
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 EMB \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 BBW \u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f EMB \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 EMB \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a: \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 EMB \u0641\u064a LSV<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
2.3 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/h3>\n
\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 EHB \u0623\u0648 EMB \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621) \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 BBW \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a LSV<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627 - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
3.1 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n
\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 EMB \/ BBW \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0644\u0640 LSVs<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
3-2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629<\/h3>\n
\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
3-3 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 BBW \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 LSV<\/strong> \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627 - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
4.1 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n
\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0636\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
4.2 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 EMB \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/h3>\n
\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0636\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 EMB \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a EHB \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a EMB \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
4.3 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/h3>\n
\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 BBW \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
4-4 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/h3>\n
\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 BBW \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (EVs \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a<\/strong>, \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/strong>, \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/strong>). \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 BBW \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 LSV<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/h2>\n
\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/a>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong>\u0633<\/a>\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 LSVs<\/strong> \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0641 BBW \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a - \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 - \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 BBW \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Introduction In recent years, Brake-by-Wire Technology for Low-Speed and Autonomous Vehicles has emerged as a pivotal enabler for smarter, safer mobility. As low-speed vehicles (LSVs) and autonomous transport platforms proliferate in urban, campus, and industrial settings, traditional mechanical braking systems face limitations in control precision, integration, and energy recuperation. This article unpacks how Brake-by-Wire (BBW) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4032,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4064","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4064"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4064\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4064"}],"curies":[{"name":"WP","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
<\/p>\n
1-2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 LSVs<\/strong> \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642. \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a) \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 (ABS)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 LSV<\/strong>\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 BBW \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a BBW \u0647\u064a 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\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 LSVs<\/strong> \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0641 BBW 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 BBW \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Introduction In recent years, Brake-by-Wire Technology for Low-Speed and Autonomous Vehicles has emerged as a pivotal enabler for smarter, safer mobility. As low-speed vehicles (LSVs) and autonomous transport platforms proliferate in urban, campus, and industrial settings, traditional mechanical braking systems face limitations in control precision, integration, and energy recuperation. This article unpacks how Brake-by-Wire (BBW) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4032,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4064","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4064"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4064\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tairuiauto.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4064"}],"curies":[{"name":"WP","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}1-3 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/h3>\n
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2.1 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (EHB)<\/h3>\n
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4.2 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 EMB \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/h3>\n
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